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ICS Advisory
Release Date
July 10, 2025
Alert Code
ICSA-25-191-10
Related topics:
Industrial Control System Vulnerabilities, Industrial Control Systems
Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to send their own brake control commands to the end-of-train device, causing a sudden stoppage of the train which may lead to a disruption of operations, or induce brake failure.
The following version of End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol is affected:
The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and Head-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a software defined radio and issue brake control commands to the EoT device, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake systems.
CVE-2025-1727(link is external) has been assigned to this vulnerability. A CVSS v3 base score of 8.1 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H(link is external)).
A CVSS v4 score has also been calculated for CVE-2025-1727(link is external). A base score of 7.2 has been calculated; the CVSS vector string is ( AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:H(link is external)).
Neil Smith and Eric Reuter reported this vulnerability to CISA.
The Association of American Railroads (AAR) is pursuing new equipment and protocols which should replace traditional End-of-Train and Head-of-Train devices. The standards committees involved in these updates are aware of the vulnerability and are investigating mitigating solutions.
The AAR Railroad Electronics Standards Committee (RESC) maintains this protocol which is used by multiple manufacturers across the industry, including Hitachi Rail STS USA, Wabtec, Siemens, and others. Users of EoT/HoT devices are recommended to contact their own device manufacturers with questions.
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of this vulnerability, such as:
CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov/ics. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets.
Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov/ics in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B–Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
No known public exploitation specifically targeting this vulnerability has been reported to CISA at this time. This vulnerability is not exploitable remotely.
This product is provided subject to this Notification and this Privacy & Use policy.
Sector: Transportation Systems Sector
Topics: Industrial Control System Vulnerabilities, Industrial Control Systems
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